Medical learning notes by Erfan Bashar.https://erfanbashar.me/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis/The most common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system; what defines it, how its phenotypes differ, and how diagnosis and treatment fit together.Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:11:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/demyelinating-diseases-differential-for-ms/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/demyelinating-diseases-differential-for-ms/How multiple sclerosis compares with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis across antibodies, course, imaging, and treatment.Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:07:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-clinical-picture/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-clinical-picture/The CIS, relapsing-remitting, secondary and primary progressive, and radiologically isolated phenotypes, typical and atypical features, disability measurement, and cognition.Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:07:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-diagnosis/How the McDonald criteria demonstrate dissemination in space and time, the roles of cerebrospinal fluid and evoked potentials, and red flags for other diagnoses.Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:07:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-foundations/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-foundations/Definition, epidemiology, genetic and environmental risk factors, and the outside-in model of how immune injury reaches the central nervous system.Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:07:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-neuroimaging/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-neuroimaging/The MRI protocol and sequences, the five dissemination-in-space topographies, acute-versus-chronic lesion signs, central vein and paramagnetic rim markers, and treatment-related complications.Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:07:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-treatment/Acute relapse therapy, the disease-modifying therapy spectrum from first-line to high-efficacy agents, escalation versus early high-efficacy strategies, and symptomatic management.Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:07:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-treatment-safety-monitoring/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-treatment-safety-monitoring/JC virus stratification and PML surveillance, vaccine timing around disease-modifying therapies, pregnancy planning, and laboratory monitoring principles.Wed, 09 Sep 2026 10:07:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders/Excessive involuntary movements from disinhibited motor circuits, the sleep behavior that helps separate them from other events, and the route through classification, chorea spectrum, and tremor notes.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 14:28:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-chorea-ballismus/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-chorea-ballismus/The chorea-athetosis-ballismus continuum of basal ganglia disease, from Huntington disease and Sydenham chorea to hemiballismus from subthalamic lesions.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 14:28:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-classification/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-classification/A predictability-based bedside framework for describing abnormal movements, the assessment dimensions that separate phenotypes, and when video documentation helps.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 14:28:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-tremor/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hyperkinetic-movement-disorders-tremor/Rest, postural, kinetic, and intention tremor, how Parkinson disease, essential, and cerebellar patterns differ, and common drug-induced causes.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 14:28:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/cardiac-amyloidosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/cardiac-amyloidosis/How misfolded proteins infiltrate the myocardium in light-chain and transthyretin amyloidosis, the characteristic diffuse imaging signature, and the stepwise pathway that usually types the disease without biopsy.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/cardiomyopathies/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/cardiomyopathies/What counts as a cardiomyopathy, how the main phenotypes differ, and which note to read for cardiac MRI, amyloidosis, Fabry disease, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/cardiomyopathies-cardiac-mri/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/cardiomyopathies-cardiac-mri/What each cardiac magnetic resonance sequence measures, how enhancement patterns separate ischaemic from non-ischaemic injury, and the tissue patterns that point toward amyloidosis, Fabry disease, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/fabry-disease/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/fabry-disease/An X-linked lysosomal storage disease in which glycosphingolipid accumulation injures the heart, its distinctive low-T1 imaging signature, and why early diagnosis and family screening matter.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/cardiology/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/A sarcomere disease causing asymmetric hypertrophy and dynamic outflow obstruction, how it differs from the athletic heart, and how fibrosis and risk factors guide defibrillator decisions.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neurological-dysphagia/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neurological-dysphagia/What neurogenic dysphagia is, why nervous-system lesions disrupt swallowing at many levels, and how the clinical, diagnostic, and management notes fit together.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neurological-dysphagia-clinical-presentation/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neurological-dysphagia-clinical-presentation/How neurogenic dysphagia presents, from central swallowing control and swallowing phases through history red flags, examination signs, silent aspiration, and complications.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neurological-dysphagia-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neurological-dysphagia-diagnosis/Bedside screening, the EAT-10 questionnaire, instrumental assessment with FEES and videofluoroscopy, severity scales, cough-flow measurement, and finding the underlying cause.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neurological-dysphagia-respiratory-planning/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neurological-dysphagia-respiratory-planning/Early feeding-tube planning, cough assessment and cough-assist devices, the oxygen hazard in neuromuscular weakness, and compensatory swallowing strategies.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies/What peripheral neuropathy is, how its patterns differ, and which companion note to read for mechanisms, entrapment, classification, causes, diagnosis, and treatment.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-diabetic-neuropathy/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-diabetic-neuropathy/The patterns of nerve injury in diabetes, from distal symmetric polyneuropathy to small-fibre, autonomic, and painful proximal syndromes.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-diagnosis/The neuropathy workup from history and examination through laboratory testing, nerve conduction studies, spinal fluid, imaging, and biopsy.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-entrapment-syndromes/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-entrapment-syndromes/Focal compression neuropathies of the limbs, their bedside tests and treatment, and the asymmetric stepwise pattern that signals systemic disease.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-foundations/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-foundations/How peripheral nerves are built, what separates axonal from demyelinating injury, and how sensory, motor, and autonomic signs localize the damage.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-guillain-barre-syndrome/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-guillain-barre-syndrome/The acute ascending immune neuropathy: demyelinating and axonal forms, post-infectious mechanism, diagnosis, immunotherapy, and prognosis.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-inflammatory-neuropathies/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-inflammatory-neuropathies/Treatable immune-mediated neuropathies including CIDP and multifocal motor neuropathy, paraprotein-associated disease, and chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-polyneuropathy/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-polyneuropathy/The four-axis framework for polyneuropathy by tempo, fibre type, mechanism, and etiology, with acute and chronic causes and extranervous clues.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/neuropathies-treatment/Cause-directed therapy by etiology, the pharmacological approach to neuropathic pain, chemotherapy-induced disease, and interventions to avoid.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/respiratory-problems-in-neurological-disorders/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/respiratory-problems-in-neurological-disorders/Why neurological disease causes breathing failure through pump weakness rather than lung disease, and how assessment, cough care, ventilation, and team planning fit together.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-epidemiology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-epidemiology/How common cerebral amyloid angiopathy is with age, who carries the highest risk, and the rare hereditary forms.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 08:55:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-prognosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-prognosis/What follows a first lobar haemorrhage in amyloid angiopathy, covering recurrence, survival, dementia, and counselling.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 08:55:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-related-inflammation/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-related-inflammation/The steroid-responsive inflammatory form of amyloid vessel disease, its subacute encephalopathy pattern, diagnosis without biopsy, and the ABRA distinction.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 08:55:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebrovascular-disorders/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebrovascular-disorders/The umbrella family of brain blood-supply disorders and the route through ischemic, hemorrhagic, venous, and preventive notes.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-venous-thrombosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-venous-thrombosis/Venous-stroke mechanism, MR or CT venography diagnosis, and anticoagulation even when hemorrhage is present.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/ich-expansion-reversal/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/ich-expansion-reversal/Hematoma expansion timing, the CTA spot sign, anticoagulant reversal pairings, and blood pressure control after intracerebral hemorrhage.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/intracerebral-hemorrhage/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/intracerebral-hemorrhage/Hypertensive deep-vessel rupture into brain tissue, location-specific syndromes, immediate CT diagnosis, and blood pressure and surgical decisions.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/ischemic-stroke/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/ischemic-stroke/Arterial occlusion and the penumbra, thrombotic, embolic, and other mechanisms, with presentation and first imaging.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/sah-complications/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/sah-complications/Rebleeding, vasospasm with delayed ischemia, and hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/stroke-eligibility-safety/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/stroke-eligibility-safety/Mimics that must be excluded, contraindications to thrombolysis, and eligibility windows for thrombectomy and wake-up stroke.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/stroke-management/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/stroke-management/The acute ischemic pathway from door to CT, thrombolysis and thrombectomy, blood pressure and edema care, stroke-unit monitoring, and post-stroke seizures.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/stroke-secondary-prevention/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/stroke-secondary-prevention/Antiplatelet therapy, cardioembolic anticoagulation, carotid endarterectomy thresholds and timing, stenting, and risk-factor control after stroke or TIA.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/stroke-territory-syndromes/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/stroke-territory-syndromes/Artery-to-deficit patterns for bedside localization across the middle, anterior, and posterior cerebral arteries and the brainstem.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/subarachnoid-hemorrhage/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/subarachnoid-hemorrhage/Aneurysm rupture into the subarachnoid space, thunderclap headache with meningeal signs, staged diagnosis, and coiling versus clipping.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/transient-ischemic-attack/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/transient-ischemic-attack/A resolved ischemic deficit as a stroke warning, short-term recurrence risk, amaurosis fugax, the ABCD2 triage aid, and urgent evaluation.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 23:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cns-infections/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cns-infections/The family of brain, spinal cord, and meningeal infections, how meningitis, encephalitis, abscess, and prion disease differ, and the route through each companion note.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 22:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/brain-abscess/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/brain-abscess/The focal pus collection that mimics tumour, its spread routes, the ring-enhancing lesion, and why drainage is required alongside antibiotics.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 22:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/The prion mechanism, the rapidly progressive dementia over weeks, the EEG and MRI findings with the RT-QuIC hierarchy, and separation from treatable mimics.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 22:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/meningitis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/meningitis/Meningeal inflammation and its bedside signs, the CSF profiles separating bacterial and viral forms, age-based empiric treatment, and complications.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 22:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/pediatric-cns-infections/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/pediatric-cns-infections/How childhood CNS infections differ, the pathogen-by-age map, the vaccine era, neonatal presentation, and the pediatric workup and treatment structure.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 22:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/tuberculous-meningitis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/tuberculous-meningitis/The subacute basal meningitis course, its lymphocytic CSF signature, Xpert-based workup, prolonged treatment arc, and routine steroids.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 22:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/viral-encephalitis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/viral-encephalitis/Herpes simplex temporal-lobe encephalitis, MRI and PCR diagnosis, why acyclovir starts on suspicion, and the post-infectious immune-mediated form.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 22:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/mg-vs-lems/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/mg-vs-lems/The postsynaptic-versus-presynaptic distinction across reflexes, exercise effect, autonomic features, cancer associations, electrodiagnosis, and first-line treatment.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:55:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/myasthenia-gravis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/myasthenia-gravis/Fatigable weakness from autoimmune attack on the muscle endplate: antibody subtypes, thymus disease, clinical patterns, and the route through diagnosis, treatment, and the LEMS comparison.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:55:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/myasthenia-gravis-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/myasthenia-gravis-diagnosis/How fatigable weakness is provoked at the bedside, confirmed with electrodiagnosis and antibody testing, and separated from mimics, with chest imaging for thymic disease.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:55:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/myasthenia-gravis-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/myasthenia-gravis-treatment/Symptom control, immunosuppression, thymectomy, targeted biologics, crisis management, and the medicines that can worsen weakness.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:55:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/channelopathies-periodic-paralysis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/channelopathies-periodic-paralysis/Episodic ion-channel muscle disorders, potassium-linked attacks, the myotonias, and how they are distinguished and treated.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dermatomyositis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dermatomyositis/The inflammatory muscle disease with a rash, its mechanism and subtypes, how it differs from polymyositis and inclusion body myositis, and the route through diagnosis and treatment.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dermatomyositis-clinical-presentation/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dermatomyositis-clinical-presentation/The demographics, weakness pattern, skin signs, calcinosis, and cancer association that define dermatomyositis at the bedside.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dermatomyositis-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dermatomyositis-diagnosis/How the rash, muscle enzymes, autoantibodies, biopsy, and cancer screening combine to confirm dermatomyositis.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dermatomyositis-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dermatomyositis-treatment/The steroid-led protocol shared with polymyositis, immunoglobulin rescue, refractory options, and malignancy co-management.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/inclusion-body-myositis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/inclusion-body-myositis/The late-onset myopathy with finger-flexor and quadriceps weakness, rimmed vacuoles, and no response to immunosuppression.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/inflammatory-myopathies/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/inflammatory-myopathies/The acquired immune-mediated muscle diseases, their autoantibodies and biopsy patterns, and why only some respond to immunosuppression.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/metabolic-myopathies/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/metabolic-myopathies/Enzyme defects in muscle energy pathways, exercise-triggered symptoms, and the patterns that distinguish glycolytic from mitochondrial failure.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/muscle-disorders-in-adults/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/muscle-disorders-in-adults/How adult myopathies are recognised, how they differ from junction and motor neuron mimics, and the route through each companion note.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/muscular-dystrophies/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/muscular-dystrophies/Inherited structural muscle diseases, from absent dystrophin through limb-girdle patterns to the multisystem myotonic dystrophies.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/polymyositis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/polymyositis/The rash-free inflammatory muscle disease defined by exclusion, its presentation, criteria, and shared treatment protocol.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium/What delirium is and which companion note to read for its appearance, mechanisms, recognition, workup, management, and outlook.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:26:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-clinical-picture/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-clinical-picture/How common delirium is and where it is missed, the attentional deficit at its centre, its perceptual and behavioural features, the three motor subtypes, and the bedside comparison with dementia.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-diagnosis/Recognising delirium at the bedside, the four CAM features and their rule, how CAM maps onto DSM-5, and the predisposing and precipitating factors to search for.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-diagnostic-workup/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-diagnostic-workup/The cause-finding sequence once delirium is recognised, from bedside checks and medication review to targeted labs and selective imaging.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-management-prognosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-management-prognosis/The hierarchy of treating the cause first, environmental and multicomponent measures, and the narrow place of drugs including the withdrawal exception.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-prognosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-prognosis/How often delirium persists after discharge, its lasting cognitive and survival consequences, and why resolution before discharge matters.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 21:25:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia/A chronic progressive syndrome of cognitive decline, its main causes, and the route through each companion note.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:35:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-pathology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/multiple-sclerosis-pathology/The plaque triad of demyelination, inflammation, and axonal loss, how active and chronic plaques differ, and where lesions typically sit.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:35:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-classification/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-classification/The major causes of dementia compared by frequency, tempo, and signature features.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-diagnosis/Bedside criteria, informant history, MMSE and MoCA scoring, reversible-cause workup, and the role of FDG-PET and amyloid imaging.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-mci/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-mci/Measurable cognitive decline with daily activities preserved: presentations, yearly progression risk, and how amyloid testing sharpens prognosis.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-monitoring/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-monitoring/Expected rates of decline by cause, behavioural surveillance, caregiver assessment, and reviewing continued medication benefit.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-treatment/Non-pharmacological foundations, cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, symptomatic therapy, and the Lewy body and angiopathy caveats.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-with-lewy-bodies/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/dementia-with-lewy-bodies/Early visual hallucinations, fluctuating cognition, and Parkinsonism in Lewy body dementia, with imaging clues and treatment cautions.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/frontotemporal-dementia/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/frontotemporal-dementia/Personality or language change before memory loss in frontotemporal dementia, its clinical variants, genetics, and contrast with Alzheimer disease.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/vascular-dementia/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/vascular-dementia/Stepwise vascular decline, its subtypes and amyloid angiopathy caveat, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and treatable mimics of dementia.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 20:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache/Pain in the head, face, scalp, or upper neck; the primary-versus-secondary distinction that organizes the topic and the route through each companion note.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 19:45:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-diagnosis/Red flags and the SNOOP mnemonic, ICHD criteria for the common patterns, medication-overuse headache, and when to image.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 19:45:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-epidemiology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-epidemiology/How common each headache is, who it affects, and the pre-test probability behind pattern recognition.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 19:45:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-prognosis-complications/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-prognosis-complications/What happens when headache chronifies or is missed: medication overuse, status migrainosus, migrainous infarction, and secondary-cause complications.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 19:45:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-secondary-causes/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-secondary-causes/Subarachnoid hemorrhage, post-dural puncture headache, tumor and raised pressure, the giant cell arteritis rule, and medication overuse.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 19:45:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-treatment/Acute versus preventive logic, triptan timing and safety, tension-type headache prevention, cluster treatment, indomethacin-responsive headaches, and breaking the medication-overuse loop.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 19:45:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-trigeminal-neuralgia/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-trigeminal-neuralgia/Shock-like triggerable facial pain: causes, first-line drugs, procedural options, and separation from cluster headache.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 19:45:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/floppy-baby-diagnostic-workup/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/floppy-baby-diagnostic-workup/Which test to order for a hypotonic infant once the examination has localized the lesion, from blood genetics and CK rules to imaging, neurophysiology, and biopsy.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 18:44:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/floppy-baby-differential-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/floppy-baby-differential-diagnosis/Central versus peripheral causes of infant hypotonia, systemic mimics, and diagnoses that must not be missed.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 18:44:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/floppy-baby-examination/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/floppy-baby-examination/Bedside assessment of the hypotonic infant: observation, general examination, tone maneuvers, and reflex patterns that separate central from peripheral causes.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 18:44:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hypotonic-cerebral-palsy/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/hypotonic-cerebral-palsy/The hypotonic form of cerebral palsy as the main central cause in a floppy infant: why early brain injury looks floppy first, and how brisk reflexes separate it from motor unit disease.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 18:44:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/pompe-disease/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/pompe-disease/GAA deficiency behind a floppy infant with cardiomegaly, from the cardiac clue through enzyme and genetic confirmation to why treatment timing matters.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 18:44:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/prader-willi-syndrome/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/prader-willi-syndrome/Loss of paternal 15q11-q13 expression behind neonatal hypotonia with poor feeding, later hyperphagia, and methylation-first diagnosis.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 18:44:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/floppy-baby/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/floppy-baby/Abnormally low muscle tone in an infant, the central versus peripheral distinction that localizes the cause, and the route through each companion note.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 18:43:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy/Recurrent unprovoked seizures from hypersynchronous brain activity, how epilepsy differs from a single seizure, and the route through each companion note.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 17:46:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-classification/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-classification/Focal versus generalized seizure onset, awareness and motor features, the main generalized types, and the six ILAE etiological categories.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:50:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-diagnosis-and-eeg/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-diagnosis-and-eeg/History-led seizure workup, EEG protocol with activation procedures, findings by seizure type, and MRI over CT.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:50:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-pathophysiology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-pathophysiology/Membrane depolarization and hypersynchrony as the two seizure mechanisms, channelopathies and transmitter imbalance, and why seizure threshold is a continuum.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:50:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-prognosis-surgery-driving/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-prognosis-surgery-driving/Expected courses and drug resistance, surgery referral and yield, and driving rules with safety counselling in epilepsy.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:50:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epilepsy-treatment/When a first seizure warrants treatment, drug selection by seizure type, and monitoring, switching, and stopping therapy.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:50:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epileptic-seizure-vs-non-epileptic-events/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/epileptic-seizure-vs-non-epileptic-events/Seizures against syncope, psychogenic, metabolic, sleep, and movement mimics, the bedside patterns that separate them, and the cost of mislabelling either way.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:50:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/seizure-vs-syncope/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/seizure-vs-syncope/Cortical hypersynchrony against cerebral hypoperfusion, the bedside clues for each, and why prolonged syncope can briefly look like a seizure.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:50:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/status-epilepticus/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/status-epilepticus/The 5-minute emergency definition, convulsive versus non-convulsive forms, and phased treatment with resuscitation first.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:50:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis/What autoimmune encephalitis covers as a family and how to choose a route through its pathophysiology, clinical patterns, diagnosis, and treatment notes.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:10:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis-clinical-patterns/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis-clinical-patterns/Limbic encephalitis, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, LGI1 disease with faciobrachial dystonic seizures, brainstem patterns, and the subacute tempo that separates them from mimics.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:05:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis-diagnosis/MRI, FDG-PET, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, EEG, antibody testing, and tumour screening in the workup of autoimmune encephalitis.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:05:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis-pathophysiology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis-pathophysiology/Why surface-directed antibodies injure synapses directly, why intracellular antibodies mark T-cell injury instead, and what each pattern means for tumour risk and treatment response.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:05:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/autoimmune-encephalitis-treatment/First-line immunotherapy, escalation to second-line agents, maintenance options, and concurrent tumour treatment in autoimmune encephalitis.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 15:05:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-classification/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-classification/The primary-versus-secondary split, the four ICHD primary headache families, and how attack frequency shapes management.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-clinical-presentation/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-clinical-presentation/Migraine phases, tension-type pressure patterns, cluster and related autonomic syndromes, and the bedside clues that separate them.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-pathophysiology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/headache-pathophysiology/Pain-sensitive structures, CGRP signaling, cortical spreading depression, triptan mechanisms, and the trigeminal-autonomic reflex.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/migraine-vs-tension-type-vs-cluster-headache/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/migraine-vs-tension-type-vs-cluster-headache/Side-by-side comparison of pain, duration, associated symptoms, behavior, and treatment clues across the three classic primary headache patterns.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease/The most common cause of dementia, its characteristic memory-first course, underlying pathology, and the route through diagnosis and treatment.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:20:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease-clinical-presentation/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease-clinical-presentation/The memory-first course of Alzheimer disease, the sequence of affected domains, behavioural symptoms, mild cognitive impairment, and bedside differentials.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:15:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease-diagnosis/Diagnostic requirements, the MMSE, CSF and imaging biomarkers, and the practical workflow for diagnosing Alzheimer disease.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:15:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease-pathophysiology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease-pathophysiology/Amyloid plaques, tau tangles, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, selective atrophy, neurotransmitter deficits, and risk factors in Alzheimer disease.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:15:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/alzheimer-disease-treatment/Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, anti-amyloid antibodies, non-pharmacological care, and drugs to avoid in Alzheimer disease.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:15:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/congenital-myotonic-dystrophy/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/congenital-myotonic-dystrophy/The DMPK CTG expansion and spliceopathy behind a multisystem floppy presentation, why myotonia is absent at birth, and why the mother should be tested.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 12:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/spinal-muscular-atrophy/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/spinal-muscular-atrophy/SMN1 loss and the SMN2 modifier, the paralytic floppy presentation with fasciculations and absent reflexes, and the three disease-modifying therapies.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 12:30:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/nuclear-imaging-epilepsy/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/nuclear-imaging-epilepsy/Why drug-resistant epilepsy needs functional imaging, what interictal PET and ictal SPECT each contribute, and the route through the two technique notes.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/nuclear-imaging-epilepsy-fdg-pet/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/nuclear-imaging-epilepsy-fdg-pet/Interictal hypometabolism as the surgical localization signal, the seizure-free uptake protocol, temporal lobe lateralization, and MRI-negative and extratemporal limits.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/nuclear-imaging-epilepsy-spect/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/nuclear-imaging-epilepsy-spect/Ictal hyperperfusion as a snapshot of the seizure onset, injection timing, and how SPECT complements FDG-PET when interictal imaging does not localize.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-clinical-phenotypes/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-clinical-phenotypes/The six ALS phenotypes with prognosis by phenotype, onset patterns and bedside contrasts, King's and MITOS staging, and factors that modify survival.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 00:10:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-diagnosis/Bedside examination, the UMN versus LMN comparison, EMG and biomarker findings, evolving diagnostic criteria, and the differential diagnosis of ALS.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 00:10:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-pathophysiology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-pathophysiology/Why motor neurons are selectively vulnerable, how glutamate and oxidative injury damage them, the TDP-43 link with frontotemporal dementia, and C9orf72 and SOD1 genetics.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 00:10:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-treatment/Disease-modifying drugs, symptomatic and respiratory management, cognitive and communication support, and end-of-life planning in ALS.Sun, 06 Sep 2026 00:10:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-motor-neuron-disease/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/als-motor-neuron-disease/What ALS is as combined upper and lower motor neuron degeneration, how its clinical spectrum fits together, and the route through mechanisms, phenotypes, diagnosis, and treatment.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 23:57:06 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy/Amyloid-beta in cortical vessel walls, the main cause of lobar brain haemorrhage in older adults, and how to find your way through the topic.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-clinical-presentation/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-clinical-presentation/Lobar haemorrhage, microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis, transient focal episodes, and the non-haemorrhagic features of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in older adults.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-diagnosis/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-diagnosis/Blood-sensitive MRI sequences, the Boston version 2.0 criteria, and the lobar-versus-deep distinction from hypertensive bleeding in cerebral amyloid angiopathy.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-pathophysiology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-pathophysiology/Cortical vessel-wall amyloid deposition, loss of smooth muscle and autoregulation, the path from microbleed to lobar haemorrhage, and the shared biology with Alzheimer disease.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-treatment/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-treatment/Antithrombotic avoidance, blood pressure control, surgical considerations, and anti-amyloid antibody ARIA risk in cerebral amyloid angiopathy.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMThttps://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-pathophysiology/https://erfanbashar.me/notes/neurology/delirium-pathophysiology/The proposed mechanisms of delirium: cerebral metabolic insufficiency, cholinergic and dopaminergic imbalance, attention networks, inflammation, and genetic susceptibility.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 10:00:00 GMT